NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP): The deadline is typically in October.
Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship: The deadline is typically in December.
NOAA’s Dr. Nancy Foster Scholarship Program: For students who “pursue or intend to pursue a masters or doctoral level degree in oceanography, maritime archaeology or marine biology, including all science, engineering and resource management of ocean and coastal areas (or related areas), at a U.S. accredited institution.” The deadline is typically in December.